A deer-like temperament makes them most suitable for intensive village-based management for plowing rice paddy fields, but their hoofs are too soft for draught on paved roads. On the other hand, Bali cattle cannot be reared very well together with sheep because of their susceptibility to malignant catarrhal, while juvenile mortality is relatively high. It offers the advantage of a high resistance against most diseases, a remarkable ability to grow on low-quality fodder and a high fertility. ĭomestic Bali cattle is kept on Bali, East Java and on isolated regions on Sumatera and Sulawesi. Indonesian cattle breeds are supposed to be derived from zebu as well as from banteng. For instance, analysis of mitochondrial DNA established a taurine maternal origin of zebu breeds outside Asia. For the past 15 years, DNA analysis has allowed a phylogenetic reconstruction of the earliest events during domestication. Despite their obvious role as livestock during our cultural development, the history of domestic cattle has been poorly documented. Domestic yak ( Bos grunniens) is kept in and around Tibet, the gayal ( Bos frontalis) of Eastern India is derived from the gaur ( Bos gaurus), while the Indonesian Bali cattle is a domestic form of the banteng ( Bos javanicus). Most domestic cattle belong to the species Bos taurus or Bos indicus (zebu), which both descend from the wild aurochs ( Bos primigenius). Several bovine species have contributed worldwide to cattle livestock. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Strengthening of research capabilities in cryobanking and breeding soundness evaluation of Bali bulls for artificial insemination purposes. Swedish Research Council Grant 348-2005-5992: Conservation biology of Banteng and Bali cattle in Indonesia. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.įunding: Asia Link Project Reproductive biotechnology: modern technology to improve livestock production under traditional Asian conditions, European Union. Received: FebruAccepted: ApPublished: May 13, 2009Ĭopyright: © 2009 Mohamad et al. PLoS ONE 4(5):Įditor: Robert DeSalle, American Museum of Natural History, United States of America (2009) On the Origin of Indonesian Cattle. Citation: Mohamad K, Olsson M, van Tol HTA, Mikko S, Vlamings BH, Andersson G, et al.
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